FIRST PHASE OF INM
1. Mention the three phases of Indian national movement?
Ans. Three phases of National Movement:
(i) The Early Nationalists phase (1885-1907)
⚫ aimed at gaining
more concessions for Indians.
adopted constitutional methods like petitions and praying
(ii) The Assertives phase (1907-1916)
aimed at socio economic and national progress.
⚫ extremist measures,
Swadeshi, Swaraj, National Education and Boycott.
(iii) The Gandhian phase (1915-1947)
⚫ aimed at complete independence.
Methods included - nonviolence, satyagraha.
(2) State the main
objectives of Early Nationalists.
Ans. The main objective of the early nationalists was to achieve self
govenment within the British Empire. Hence they asked for constitutional and
other reforms within the frame work of the British rule. Their aim was to
achieve 'Home Rule' through larger share in the government and educating people
to arouse political consciousness.
(3) Who were the main
Early Nationalist leaders?
Ans. Main Early Nationalists leaders:
(i) Wyomeshchandra Banerjee (ii) Pherozeshah Mehta
(iii) Surendranath Banerjee
(iv) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(4) Who were the
Early Nationalists?
Ans. In its intial years the Congress was led by a group of leaders
known as the Early Nationalists. The members of this group were drawn from the
educated middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers, barristers,
teachers and officials, who drew inspiration from western liberal and radical
thought. Many of them were educated in England and felt that the British
intended to be just to Indians but they were unaware of the true state of
affairs in India.
(5) What was the
attitude of the Early Nationalists towards the British ?
Ans. The attitude of the Early Nationalists was not anti-British. They
had unlimited faith in the British sense of justice. They had loyalty towards
British which they identified as loyalty towards their country.
(6) What were the
beliefs of Early Nationalists about the British?
Ans. (i) The Early Nationalists had faith in the sense of justice, fair
play, honesty and integrity of the British.
(ii) It was their hope that the British would grant 'Home Rule' to
Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made by the British government.
(iii) They believed that the British rule aided in cleaning social ills
like sati, untouchability and child marriage.
(iv) They were of the opinion that British would help Indians govern
themselves according to western standards.
(v) They said that the main obstacle in India's progress was social and
economic backwardness of Indians and not the British colonial rule.
(7) What ways did the
Early Nationalists adopt for constitutional agitation?
Ans. Early Nationalists believed in the policy of constitutional
agitation within the legal framework, and slow orderly political progress.
(i) Early Nationalists criticised the improper policies of British
government in India, through resolutions and petitions.
(ii) Through their articles/essays, the people of India came to know
about policy of British government in India.
(iii) The Indian National Congress used to send deputation in order to
divert the attention of British towards special subjects. (iv) By raising
issues in Imperial Legislative Council.
(8) Which reforms
were introduced by the British due to the efforts of Early Nationalists?
Ans. The efforts of the Early Nationalists led to the following reforms:
(i) The appointment of a Public Service Commission in 1886;
(ii) A resolution of the House of Commons (1893) for
simultaneous examination for the I.C.S. in London and India; (iii)
Appoinment of the Welby Commission on Indian Expenditure (1895);
(iv) The Indian Councils Act of 1892.
(9) Write administrative
demands of the Early Nationalists.
Ans. Following were the
administrative demands of the Early Nationalists:
(i) Wider employment to Indians in higher jobs under the government.
(ii) Higher jobs to Indians in the army.
(iii) Raising of Indian volunteer force.
(iv) An increase in powers of local bodies and reducing official control
on them.
(v) Spread of primary education among the masses. (vi) Improvement in
police system.
(10) Mention two
demands of Early Nationalists concerning constitutional reforms.
Ans. (i) They demanded a larger share in the government of their own
country.
(ii) They demanded the expansion and reform of the Legislative Councils
and wanted that the membership and powers of these Councils should be
increased. The members of the Councils should be directly elected by the
people.
(11) What was the
slogan raised by the Early Nationalists to demand more representation of the
Indians in the Legislative Councils?
Ans. They demanded Indian control over the public purse and adequate
representation of Indians in the Executive Council of the Viceroy and those of
the Governors, hence they raised the slogan "No taxation without
representation".
(12) By which
sobriquets do we remember Dadabhai Naoroji.
Ans.
(i) 'The Grand Old Man of India'
(ii) "India's Un-official Ambassador to England"
(13) Mention two
contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji to the National Movement.
Ans. (i) He was one of the earliest Indian leaders to hold the view that
the poverty of the Indian people was the result of of India by the British and
the drain of India's wealth to Britain. He explained the Economic Drain theory
during colonial time.
(ii) He started movements against the Vernacular Press Act and atrocious
treatment of the zamindars with the poor peasants.
(14) Name the two
associations established by Dadabhai Naoroji.
Ans.
(1) East India Association (1866)
(ii) London India Society (1865)
(15) Who was called
the 'Father of the Nationalist Movement in India'? Against which two Acts did
he start an agitation?
Ans Surendranath Banerjee called the 'Father of the Nationalist Movement
in India'. He started as agitation against Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act.
(16) Which works
explain Dadabhai's veiws on Indian economy?
Ans. Dadabhai's views on Indian economy are given in his work entitled
'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'. His famous 'Drain Theory' explained how
India's wealth was being 'drained' to England through various ways.
(17) Whom did
Gandhiji acknowledge as his political Guru? Name any one oraginsation founded
by the him?
Ans. Gandhiji acknowledged Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his political Guru.
He founded the 'Servants of Indian Society'.
(18) What methods did
Gopal Krishna Gokhale advocate for arousing national awakening?
Ans.
(i) Gopal Krishna Gokhale believed in the policy of moderation and
constitutional means to achieve his aims.
(ii) He believed in the methods of democratic agitation and in uplifting
the poor as necessary condition for arousing national awakening.
(19) What was the aim
of 'Servants of India Society'?
Ans.
(i) The main aim of the Society was to train national leaders who would
dedicate themselves to the service of India.
(ii) The Society assisted educational movements especially those which were
for the education of women.
(iii) It worked for the elevation of the depressed classes.
(20) Who were the
authors of 'A Nation in Making' and 'Poverty and Un- British rule in India' ?
Ans. (i) 'A Nation in Making' - Surendranath Banerjee. (ii) 'Poverty and
Un-British rule in India' - Dadabhai Naoroji.
(21) What was the
'Drain Theory' that was advanced by Dadabhai Naoroji' ?
Ans. It explained how India's wealth was being taken away to England in
the following forms:
(i) Pension to British officers.
(ii) Profits of the British trading agencies.
(iii) Salaries payable to the members of the Indian Council.
(iv) For the maintenance of British troops in India, payments to the War
office.
(22) Name the
following Early Nationalist leader-
(i) who was elected to the British House of Commons (ii) the first
Indian to pass Indian Civil Service Examination Ans. (i) Dadabhai Naoroji.
(ii) Surendranath Banerjee.
(23) Who presided
over the session of the Indian National Congress in 1906? State the importance
of this Congress session?
Ans. Dadabhai Naoroji presided over the session of the Indian
National Congress in 1906. The session of 1906 was important because
four resolutions were passed by the Congress under the presidentship of
Dadabhai Naoroji. They were:
(1) Self-government
(2) Boycott
(3) Swadeshi
(4) National education.
(24) Give two
instances to explain the official hostility towards Early Nationalists.
Ans. (i) Government officials were prohibited from attending the
Congress Sessions.
(ii) The government began to ignore the petitions and resolutions of the
Congress.
(25) What methods did
the Early Nationalists adopt to achieve their goal?
Ans. (i) The Early Nationalists did not want freedom but wanted a
selfgovernment within the empire. They believed in constitutionalism and
liberalisation.
(ii) Their methods included prayers, petitions, passing the resolutions
and sending missions to the government.
(26) On which issue
did the differences between the Early Nationalists and Assertives first
surface? Why?
Ans. (i) On the issue of constitutional reforms offered in the Indian
Councils Act 1892.
(ii) These inadequate reforms were accepted by the Early Nationalists
without any protests whereas the Assertives were not in the favour of accepting
these reforms.
(27) State the
constitutional demand of Early Nationalists regarding legislative institutions?
Ans. (i) Abolition of India Council.
(ii) Expansion of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assemblies-both
at the Centre and it the Provinces.
(ii) Increase in the membership of Indians by including some members
elected by local bodies like members of commerce, by giving greater powers to
them.
(28) State the
anti-British agitations of Surendranath Banerjee?
Ans. Banerjee started agitation against the Licence Act, Arms Act,
Vernacular Press Act and against lowering the age from 21 to 19 years to appear
in the I.C.S. Examination. He opposed the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 which
introduced separate electorates for the Hindus and the Muslims. He also opposed
the division of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905.
(29) economic reforms
did Gokhale of Legislative Council?
Ans. (i) In 1902 Gokhale became the member of the Imperial Legislative
Council. He pleaded in the Council for reduction in Salt Duty and the abolition
excise duty on cotton goods. (ii) His relentless efforts led to reduction in
toll tax.
(iii) Being an economist, he demanded radical changes in the fiscal
policy and better jobs for the educated middle class. (iv) He impressed upon
the government to reduce the land renvenue.
(30) State the
ideological differences between Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists ?
Ans. (i) The Early Nationalists had full faith in the British sense of
justice whereas Assertive Nationalists disliked British and had no faith in
their goodness.
(ii) The Early Nationalists were convinced of the supremacy of European
culture whereas Assertive Nationalists highlighted the supremacy of Indian
culture.
(iii) The Early Nationalists believed in petitions, prayers and passive
resistance whereas, Assertive Nationalists believed in revolutionary methods.
(iv) The Early Nationalists believed that people of India were not fit
for self rule whereas, Assertive Nationalists believed that Indians could rule
themselves.
(31) Write about
Surendranath Bannerjee's political ideas expressed through his publications?
Ans. Banerjee edited a newspaper, Begalee, which served as a powerful
medium for mobilising public opinion. His book, Nation in the Making, gives an
account of his political concern and his views about self-government.
(32) How did the
Early Nationalists lay the basis of Indian National movement?
Ans. (i) The Early Nationalist leaders established a movement that
incorporated people of all religions, castes, creeds, regions and colour. They
were successful in promoting the spirit of common brotherhood surpassing
religious and regional diversities.
(ii) They were successful to a great extent in arousing political
awakening and national consciousness among the Indians. They popularised the
ideas of democracy and civil liberties the people of India.
(iii) They were the first in to develop an economic criticism of
colonialism. They successfully exposed the true nature of British Imperialism
in India.
(33) Mention two
contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji to the Congress?
Ans. (i) Dadabhai's role in the Congress was praiseworthy. He took an
active part in the foundation of the Indian National Congress and was elceted
its President thrice, in 1886, 1893 and 1906 respectively.
(ii) Resolutions on Self-government, Boycott, Swadeshi and National
Education were passed by the Congress under his Presidentship.
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