Agro based industries
1) Question. Define the term 'industry'.
Ans.
An industry is defined as an enterprise which produces goods or services in
order to earn profit
2) Question. What is the need for industrialisation in India?
Ans.
Industries convert raw material into finished goods. By doing so, they add value
to the gifts of nature. Forexample, a small wrist watch which may weigh a few
grams of fine steel, costs much more than a tonne of iron ore,The key to
India's prosperity lies in industrialisation. The revenue generated through industrialisation
can be used to provide employment, improve India's balance of trade, alleviate
poverty and improve the quality of life.
3) Question, What are the requirements for setting up an industry?
Ans.
To set up an industry, the following basic requirements must be met.
1.
The required raw material must be available.
2.
The location must be appropriate.
3.
Finance and infrastructure in terms of management and human resources must be
available.
4.
The market for the finished goods must be identified.
4) Question. Mention three geographical factors that determine a viable
site for setting up an industry. Give suitable examples to support your answer.
Ans.
Three fundamental geographical factors that determine a viable site for setting
up an industry are
1.
Raw material: Proximity to the area producing raw material is a prime requisite
foe setting up an industry. For example, the iron and steel plants are
concentrated in Jharkhand because this region is endowed in all the raw material
(iron-ore, manganese, limestone and coal) which is used to produce steel.
2.
Power supply: Power is required for any industry in order to run machines which
process the raw material into finished products. This is why industries are
located near Jamshedpur and Kolkata where cheap labour is available from the
Damodar Valley Project.
3.
Water. Although water is required for all the industries, it is particularly
important for certain industries like the jute, food and chemical industries.
The jute industry in West Bengal is very much benefited due to the availability
of soft, running water in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta.
5) Question. Mention three non-geographical factors that influence the
development of industries in certain regions.
Ans.
Three non geographical factors that influence the development of industries in
certain regions are
1.
Government policies
2.
Transport
3.
Capital
6) Question. State the economic importance of the cotton textile industry
in India.
Ans. The cotton textile industry is important
for India in the following ways
a.
20% of the working population is employed in the cotton textile industry. b.
Garments and textiles are essential for life.
c.
It generates a substantial amount of foreign exchange through export to
countries of Asia and Africa.
d.
It supports other industries like dyeing and bleaching, washing powder and
soaps, packaging and transport industries.
7) Question. Mention three problems associated with the cotton textile
industry.
Ans.
Following are the problems associated with the cotton textile industry.
1.
Raw Material: The supply of raw cotton is very uncertain because the Indian
farmers mostly depend upon rains for its cultivation. Also, India produces only
medium quality cotton and has to depend on Egypt for good quality cotton.
2.
Outdated Machinery: Due to outdated machinery and plants, the productivity is
low and uneconomical.
3.
Stiff Competition: The cotton textile industry of India has to face competition
from two fronts.
a.
The synthetic textile industry of India
b.
Exported textiles from Taiwan, South Korea and Japan
8) Question. What role has the government played in improving the plight
of the cotton mill workers?
The
government has taken control over mills which were running inefficiently and
running at a loss ('sick' mills). This has been done so that the mill workers
can retain their employment.
9) Question. Explain why the Hooghly basin is the main centre for the jute
textile industry.
Ans.
The Hooghly basin is the main centre for the jute textile industry because of
the following reasons.
1.
The Hooghly basin alone cultivates more than 50 per cent jute in the country.
Adjoining regions of West Bengal,Bihar and Orissa are also important producers
of jute. Thus, raw material is easily available. Additional requirement of jute
is met through import from Bangladesh.
2.
Densely populated area of the lower Ganga basin provides cheap labour.
3.
Enormous supply of water from the river Hooghly 4. Kolkata has a good network
of transportation both of land and water. It has the facility of transport through-rivers,canals,
railways, and roads.
5.
International airport and a big port in Kolkata have also helped in the
transportation of materials.
6.
Coal-mines of Raniganj and Asansol provide sufficient supply of power to this
industry in Kolkata.
10)
Question. What problems is
the jute industry in India facing? What measures has the government taken to overcome
these problems?
Ans.
The jute industry of India is facing the following problems.
1.
Because of the 1947 partition of India, most of the jute producing areas fell
into Bangladesh while the jute mills remained in India.
2.
Jute cultivation depends on good rains. Hence the supply fluctuates from year
to year.
3.
Apart from Bangladesh, Malaysia, Philippines, Egypt and Brazil also offer
competition to India in the international market.
4.
Jute products are also being substituted by paper, hemp and synthetic products.
11)
Question. Outdated machinery
causes high costs of production, thereby making jute production uneconomical
and unprofitable.
Ans.
To overcome these problems, the government has taken the following remedial
steps.
1.
The government is encouraging research in new uses and products like jute
carpets, tarpaulins, garments, etc.
2.
Modern machines have been installed in public sector units. 3. Effort is being
made to stabilise jute prices and increase exports.
12)
Question. Why is the Indian
woollen industry not well developed?
Ans.
The woollen textile industry is not well developed in India due to the
following reasons
1.
India is a tropical country. Hence, the need for woollen garments is limited to
the winter months only.
2.
Indigenous wool is of poor quality. India has to depend on imports from USA and
Australia to meet its demand for better quality raw material.
3.
Wool is expensive. Garments made from synthetic textile are cheaper.
13)
Question. What measures has
the government taken to improve the situation of the woollen textile industry?
Ans. The government of India has initiated
measures to produce better quality wool. Sheep breeding farms have been set up
in North India where high breed sheep like Merino and Corrie dale are being
imported and reared
14)
Question. Why is Karnataka
the most important centre for the silk textile industry?
Ans.
The following conditions in Karnataka favour the growth of silk industry in
Karnataka:
1.
Suitable climatic conditions, with temperatures ranging from 16 °C to 30 °C, is
well suited for raising silkworms throughout the year,
2.
Availability of soft water in large amount
3.
Mulberry bush is grown as a plantation crop.
15)
Question. Enlist the factors
that favour the development of the synthetic textile industry.
Ans.
The following factors favour the development of the synthetic textile industry.
1.
Availability of raw material like bamboo, wood and other grasses
2.
Chemical industries which provide chemical essential for processing
3.
Plenty of river water for processing
4.
Support of research for its development
5.
Sizeable market for finished goods
6.
Availability of skilled and unskilled labour
16)
Question. What are the
problems of the khadi and handloom industry?
Ans.
The Khadi industry is facing the following problems.
1.
The quality, quantity and availability of raw material are very unsatisfactory.
2.
Products do not appeal to changing tastes and fashions.
3.
Most of the people lack adequate technical knowledge to modemise their
equipment.
4.
This industry faces stiff competition from mill made cloth.
5.
Quality and standard of products is not maintained.
6.
The marketing of products is not organised.
17)
Question. The Khadi and
Handloom sectors cannot be ignored. Give two reasons to justify this statement.
Ans.
The Khadi and Handloom industry provides full-time or part-time employment to a
large number of people who can supplement their meagre incomes. In fact, more
people are employed in this sector than the number of persons employed in the
organised industries and mining put together. This is why the khadi and
handloom industry cannot be ignored. Moreover, this industry also earns foreign
exchange for the country.
18)
Question. What are the steps
being taken by the government to promote the Khadi and Handloom industries?
Ans.
Apart from establishing organisations like the All India Handloom Board, The
Khadi and Village Industries Commission, etc. to improve the status of the
Khadi industry, the government has also taken certain specific measures which
are as under the khadi and handloom industry.
1.
The government itself issues orders for the supply of khadi and handloom
products.
2.
The government levies a cess on the cotton and synthetic textile mills and uses
the revenue for the promotion of saree by mills.
3.
The government also reserves certain lines of production for the khadi
industry.
4.
Assistance is made available to improve techniques of production and
management.
5.
Financial aid is provided to the industry. Also, the government charges lesser
taxes on the production of khadi and handloom products.
19)
What are the factors that
affect the location of the sugar industry?
The
location of the sugar industry is influenced by a variety of factors, including
economic, geographic, climatic, and historical considerations. Here are some
key factors that affect the location of the sugar industry:
Climate and Soil: Sugarcane, the primary
source of sugar production, thrives in tropical and subtropical climates with
abundant sunlight and consistent rainfall. Well-drained, fertile soils are also
essential for optimal sugarcane growth. As a result, sugar industries are often
located in regions that meet these climatic and soil requirements.
Proximity to Raw Materials: Sugar production requires
a large amount of sugarcane as the raw material. Therefore, sugar mills are
typically located close to sugarcane plantations to minimize transportation
costs and ensure the timely delivery of fresh sugarcane to the mills.
Labor Availability: The sugar industry is
labor-intensive, especially during the harvesting season. Access to a
sufficient and affordable labor force is a significant factor in determining the
location of sugar mills and plantations.
Transportation
Infrastructure: Efficient transportation is crucial for moving both raw
materials and finished products. Sugar mills need good road, rail, and port
infrastructure to facilitate the transportation of sugarcane and sugar to
markets.
Energy Supply: Sugar production involves
various processes, including crushing, boiling, and refining, which require
significant energy inputs. Access to affordable and reliable energy sources,
such as electricity or bioenergy from sugarcane byproducts, can impact the
location of sugar mills.
20)
Question. Explain why sugar
mills in the co-operative sector have an advantage over those in the private
sector?
Ans.
Sugar is a seasonal industry and so labour cannot be employed throughout the
year. That is why sugar mills in the co-operative sector have an advantage over
those in the private sector. The sugar mills are owned and managed by the
farmers and so they have work throughout the year.
21)
Question. India ranks second
the world sugar production in spite of being the largest producer of sugarcane.
Give reasons.
While
India is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, it ranks second in
terms of sugar production due to several factors that influence the conversion
of sugarcane into sugar. Here are some reasons for this phenomenon:
Low Sugar Recovery Rates: Sugar recovery refers to
the amount of sugar that can be extracted from a given amount of sugarcane.
Indian sugarcane varieties tend to have lower sugar content compared to
varieties grown in some other countries. This results in lower sugar recovery
rates during processing, meaning that a larger quantity of sugarcane is
required to produce the same amount of sugar.
Small-Scale Farming
Practices:
India's sugarcane farming is often characterized by small-scale, fragmented
landholdings. This can lead to inefficiencies in cultivation, harvesting, and
transportation, which can impact the overall sugar production process.
Outdated Processing
Technologies:
Some Indian sugar mills still use outdated processing technologies that result
in lower sugar extraction rates. Modernizing and upgrading processing
facilities can lead to improved sugar recovery.
Storage and Infrastructure
Challenges:
Inadequate storage facilities and transportation infrastructure can lead to
losses of sugarcane and its quality during transit and storage, affecting the
overall sugar production process.
22)
Question. Name three
important by-products of the sugar industry and state the commercial use of each.
Ans.
The three by-products of the sugar industry are as follows.
Molasses:
Molasses
is a thick, dark syrup that remains after sugar crystals are extracted from
sugarcane juice during the sugar refining process.
·
Commercial Uses:
Animal Feed: Molasses is often used as a
supplement in animal feed due to its energy content and palatability. It can
enhance the taste of feed and provide a source of calories for livestock.
Alcohol Production: Molasses is a key raw
material in the production of alcohol, including ethanol. It serves as a source
of fermentable sugars that can be converted into alcohol through fermentation
and distillation.
Industrial Applications: Molasses is used in various
industrial processes, such as the production of yeast, citric acid, and certain
chemicals.
Bagasse:
Bagasse
is the fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane is crushed to extract
juice. It consists of the plant's stalks, leaves, and other plant matter.
·
Commercial Uses:
Bioenergy:
Bagasse is a significant source of bioenergy. It can be burned to generate
steam and electricity, which can be used to power sugar mills and even supply
excess energy to the grid.
Paper
and Pulp Industry: Bagasse can be processed to produce paper and pulp. The
fibrous nature of bagasse makes it suitable for manufacturing various paper
products, including paperboards and packaging materials.
Ethanol:
Ethanol
is an alcohol that can be produced from sugarcane by fermenting the sugars in
the cane juice or molasses.
·
Commercial Uses:
Fuel: Ethanol is used as a
biofuel, often blended with gasoline, to reduce the carbon footprint of
transportation. It can be used in vehicles designed to run on ethanol-gasoline
blends.
Industrial Solvent: Ethanol is a common
industrial solvent used in various processes, such as in the production of
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products.
Beverage Production: Ethanol is a key component
in the production of alcoholic beverages, including spirits, wines, and beers.
23)
Question. Why are more than
60% of the sugar factories located in the sugar belt comprising of Uttar
Pradesh,Bihar and Punjab?
Ans.
This is due to the following reasons
a.
The Ganga plain has fertile soil and heavy rainfall suitable for sugarcane
cultivation.
b.
Cheap labour is easily and regularly available from this densely populated
plain of India.
c.
Coal, the main source of energy used in sugar factories, is available from
nearby coal mines of Bihar.
d.
This sugar belt is also a large consumer of sugar. So, easy market is
available.
24)
Question. Explain the
following terms.
a. Sericulture
b. Ancillary industry
c. 'Sick' Mills
d. Mulberry silk
Ans.
a. Sericulture: The rearing of
silkworms to produce raw silk is known as sericulture. Fresh mulberry leaves
are types- mulberry and non-mulberry. The mulberry sector accounts for nearly
90% of the natural silk produced in India.
b.
Ancillary industry: Industries whose
products are not meant for the consumer but are raw material or assemblages for
other industries are known as ancillary industries. An auto parts manufacturing
company which sells its parts to a industries.
c. 'Sick' Mills: This is a term used for
those textile mills which have become uneconomical and ceased to make any profit
on a sustained basis. Nowadays, the government has taken control over such
'sick' mills in order to protect the plight of the mill workers.
d. Mulberry Silk: This type of silk is
obtained from the silkworm which feeds on the mulberry leaves. The mulberry
sector is better organised and accounts for nearly 90% of the natural silk
produced in India. It is produced in Karnataka, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir
and Himachal Pradesh.
25)
Question. State one town
famous for each of the following cottage industries.
(1)
Woollen shawls (ii) Bidri ware
Ans.
(1) Amritsar
(ii)
Bidar (Kamataka).
26)
Question. State two ways by
which the government has encouraged cottage industries.
a.
Financial Support and
Subsidies:
Governments provide loans, subsidies on inputs, and invest in infrastructure to
reduce costs and improve access to resources for cottage industries.
b.
Skill Development and
Training:
Governments offer training programs and vocational education to enhance
technical and managerial skills among cottage industry workers, along with
entrepreneurship support.
27)
Question. Give two reasons
to explain why cottage industries are important in India's economy. OR What is
the importance of cottage industries in India's economy?
Cottage
industries hold significant importance in India's economy for several reasons:
Employment Generation: Cottage industries are
labor-intensive and provide employment opportunities, especially in rural and
semi-urban areas where job opportunities might be limited. They absorb surplus
labor, particularly from the agricultural sector, helping to alleviate
unemployment and underemployment. This is crucial in a country like India with
a large and diverse population.
Rural Development and
Poverty Alleviation: Cottage industries are often located in rural and economically
marginalized regions. By providing income-generating activities at the local
level, they contribute to poverty alleviation and rural development. Cottage
industries empower local communities by enabling them to utilize locally
available resources and traditional skills to create valuable products for
local and global markets.
28)
Question. What makes Khadi
and Handloom sector of the textile industry still very important even in this modern
large-scale industrial era? Give two reasons to justify your answer.
Ans.
Khadi and Handloom textiles produce durable and colourful patterns which are
cheap when compared with the products of the modern large scale industries.
The
reasons for their importance are: (i) They bring pride to the country.
(ii)
They provide money to the workers.
29)
Question. Which agro-based
industry has a tendency to migrate towards the south in India? Give reasons to justify
your answer.
Ans.
Sugar industry. The main reasons are.
(i)
Black soil is more fertile which is suitable for sugarcane cultivation.
(ii)
Sugarcane produced in the tropical climate contain more content of sugar.
(iii)
Long crushing season.
(iv)
Maritime climate of south India.
30)
Question. What are the four
special features of the cotton textile industry in India?
Ans.
The four special features of cotton textile industry in India are:
(i)
It is oldest and largest industry in India.
(ii)
It is widespread industry found almost in all states of India.
(iii)
This industry provides employment opportunities both in rural and urban areas.
(iv)
This industry accounts for the largest proportion of foreign exchange
31)
Question. State two economic
advantages of the handloom industry.
Ans.
(i)
Handloom industry provides employment to the people.
(ii)
Handloom products have traditional designs and colourful variety which is in
great demand.
32)
Question. Explain why:
(i)
Carpet-making as a cottage industry has developed in the Kashmir valley.
(ii) The pure silk handloom
industry is important In Bangalore.
Ans.
(i) Carpet-making as a cottage industry has developed in Kashmir valley because
in this area, sheep are reared leaves.for wool which is essential material for
weaving the carpets.
(ii)
The pure silk industry is important in Bangalore because of the large scale
rearing of silk-worms on the mulberry leaves.
33)
Question. Give two reasons
why the cotton textile industry has developed around Mumbai.
Ans.
(i) Harbour facilities (ii) Availability of raw cotton from Maharashtra.
34)
Question. Give two reasons
to explain why there is a need for rapid industrialization in India.
Ans.
The two reasons for need for rapid industrialization in India are:
(i)
To raise national and per capita income.
(II)
To remove unemployment and under employment.
35)
Question. Why is there an
increasing demand for handloom materials?
Ans.
Demand for handloom materials is increasing because of the following reasons:
(i)
Traditional art/rich culture.
(ii)
They are colourful, durable and attractive.
36)
Question. Name a state
famous for mulberry silk.
Ans.
Kamataka.
37)
Question. Mumbai-Pune region
is the most important industrial region of India. Substantiate the statement giving
two reasons.
Ans.
Mumbai-Pune region is the most important industrial region of India because of
the following reasons:
(i)
Availability of raw materials
(ii)
Sufficient power resources.
38)
Question. Give two reasons
to show why the sugar industry has flourish in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Ans.
(i) The Ganga plain has fertile soil and heavy rainfall suitable for sugarcane
cultivation.
(ii)
Cheap labour is easily and regularly available from these densely populated
states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
39)
Question. Give two reasons
for the following: "The silk handloom industry is important in
Mysore,"
Ans. (i) The raw material for silk handloom is
available in plenty
(ii)
Soft water is available in large amount
40)
Question. With the help of
an example, explain how agro-based industries are different from mineral-based
industries.
Ans.
Those industries which use agricultural products as their raw materials are
known as agro-based industries, for example, cotton textiles, vegetable oil and
sugar industries. Industries which depend for their raw materials on minerals
are known as mineral-based industries, for example, iron and steel, and
ship-building industries.
41)
Question. Give four reasons
to justify that the rayon textile industry in India has a great future,
Ans.
The following points will bring out to show the great future of rayon textile
industry in
India:
(i)
The sufficient quantity of bamboo, grass and cotton waste which are necessary
for the production of pulp.
(ii)
Availability of sufficient amount of chemicals,
(iii)
Availability of skilled and unskilled labour. (iv) Research and training
centres for the production of synthetic silks have been set up in most of the
rayon production cities.
42)
Question. Why is the woollen
textile industry not as well developed as the cotton textile industry in India?
Ans.
The woollen industry is not as well developed as the cotton textile industry in
India because of the following
(i)
Pour quality of local wool
(ii)
Low demand as only northern India
43)
Question. With the help of
an example each, differentiate between Basic and Consumer Industries.
Ans.
Basic industries are those industries on which various other industries depend.
Example: Iron and steel industry. Consumer industries are those industries
which produce various items to fulfil the day-to-day requirement of the consumers.
Example: Sugar industry/Plastic industry
44)
Question. The 'Khadi and
Handloom Sectors of the Textile Industry cannot be ignored". Give two
reasons Justifying this statement.
Ans.
(i)
It employs a large number of people
(ii)
It is a good source of foreign exchange.
45)
Question. Give reasons why:
(i) The woollen industry is
concentrated in North India.
(ii) Tree plantation is
essential in and around Heavy Industrial areas.
Ans.
(i) Woollen industry is concentrated in North India since winters are very
severe here and there is a great demand for woollen products. Secondly,
climatic conditions favour sheep rearing, hence, there is no dearth of raw
materials.
(ii)
Tree plantation is essential in industrial regions for purification of the
atmosphere. Industrial smoke causes atmospheric pollution and the trees absorb
excess CO, and replenish the O₂ level of the air.
46)
Question. State four
geographical factors which should be kept in mind while setting up an
agro-based industry.
Ans.
Four geographical factors to be considered are as follows:
(i)
Proximity to growing areas,
(ii)
A well developed transport system.
(iii)
Facilities for proper storage of the raw materials as well as finished products
(iv)
There should be a good demand for the product.
47)
Question. Mention three main
problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India.
Ans,
Three major problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India are:
(i)
Competition from synthetic fibres which are cheaper and easy to maintain.
(ii)
Old and obsolete machinery and technology of production.
(iii)
It being an agro based industry, is exposed to the vagaries of nature. Any year
there is a crop failure. The supply of raw cotton gets affected.
48)
Question. Name three
by-products of the sugar industry. Give one important use of each.
Ans.
Three by-products of sugar industry are:
(i)
Molasses used for distilling alcohol
(ii)
Bagasse- used for making cardboards
(iii)
Press mud-used for making wax and shoe polishes.
49)
Question. Which two states
are collectively called the 'Sugar-belt of India'?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are collectively called the sugar belt of India. Together
they account for almost half of India's total sugarcane production.
50)
Question. Sericulture
flourished in Karnataka.
Answer:
Sericulture flourished in Karnataka because
(i)
It has favourable climate for rearing silkworms.
(ii)
Many mulberry trees are grown here as the climate is suitable for the growth of
mulberry trees.
51)
Question. Explain why
sericulture is an important cottage industry in Assam.
Answer:
Sericulture is an important cottage industry in Assam because:
(i)
It provides sustenance to thousands of people.
(ii)
About Question 43 percent of India's total silk output comes from Assam
(ii)
Assam is one of the largest producers of non-mulberry silk (tasar, eri and
muga)
(iv)
It is also the only muga producing region of India.
52)
Question. Name any three
major sugar producing centres in Maharastra.
Answer:
The major centres in Maharashtra are: Ahmednagar, Kolhapur, Solapur, Satara,
Sangli, Pune and Nashik.
53)
Question. In what way does
the cotton industry contribute to the economy
factors.
OR
Mention any three special
features of cotton textile industry in India.
Answer:
(i)
Cotton textile is a major industry in India.
(ii)
It directly or indirectly supports more than nearly 40 per cent of the
country's labour force.
(iii)
It also contributes to export of the country on a large scale.
54)
Question. What are the
problems faced by Handloom and Khadi industries?
Answer:
The handloom and khadi industry faces a number of problems. These include the
following:
(i)
The raw materials available for this industry are neither adequate nor of
satisfactory quality.
(ii)
The craftsmen employed in this industry belong to poor families and have no
technical skills.
(iii)
The technology used in these industries is old and obsolete, the goods produced
by these industries are no match to the modern fast changing fashions and
designs.
(iv)
These industries have to face competition from mill-made cloth.
(v)
These industries lack capital few facilities exist for providing cheap credit.
55)
Question. Small-scale
industries are important in India.
Answer:
Small-scale industries are important in India because they can be started up by
less capital investment and provides employment to large number of people.
56)
Question. Which are the main
centres of sugar industry in Bihar (Any four)?
Answer:
Main centres in Bihar are West Champaran, East Champaran, Sitamarhi,
Muzzaffarpur and Bhagalpur.
57)
Question. Why is Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar called the 'Sugar-belt of India"?
Answer:
The chief reasons are:
I.
Large quantity sugarcane is produced here, specially in the Ganga-
Yamuna doab region and in the Terai region.
II.
Availability of ample supply of coal from the nearby coalfields for
processing
III.
Ample supply of cheap skilled and unskilled labour.
IV.
A good network of various modes of transport (Kanpur is the main
distribution centre).
V.
Abundant supply of water for irrigation and for other purposes.
58)
Question. Classify the
industries on the importance of finished products and services.
Answer:
(i)
Key or basic industries: Most other industries
depend upon them. Eg. Iron and steal, heavy machinery,cement etc. They indicate
the economic health of the nation.
(ii)
Consumer/Secondary
industries:
Goods are for the direct use of the consumers. For example, Processed
food,textile, paper etc.
(iii)
Public utility based / Tertiary industries: These include transport,
health,/insurance, education, etc. They do not produce any goods but provide
services.
(iv)
Ancillary industries: Provide spare components
for other larger industries such as automobiles, aircraft industry etc.
59)
Question. Classify the
industries on the basis of size, manpower and capital investment.
Answer:
(i)
Large scale: Greater workforce and large amount of investment is involved. Eg.:
Aircraft Industry, automobile, railway manufacturing, defence equipment etc
(ii)
Medium scale: Neither too big nor too small. Eg.: Paper, small textile mills
etc.
(iii)
Small scale: Relatively less number of people work. Generally owned by
individuals. They require less capital. Eg.:Bicycles, food processing,
confectioneries etc.
60)
Question. India produces
very little cane-sugar though it is one of the largest producers of sugarcane
in the world.
Answer:
India produces very little cane-sugar though it is one of the largest producers
of sugarcane because the sucrose content of the cane in India is very low and
also the per hectare production of sugarcane in India is low.
61)
Question. What is meant by 'Agro-based
industry'?
Name
the leading agro-industry in India. Answer: Agro-based industries are those
industries which use agricultural produce as their raw material. Cotton and
sugar are the leading agro-industries in India.
62)
Question. It is necessary to
crush sugarcane within 24 hours of havesting.
Answer:
It is necessary to crush sugarcane within 24 hours of havesting because its
sucrose content goes on decreasing with time.
63)
Question. What are cottage
industries?
Answer:
(i)
These are also known as household industries and are organized by individuals
with private resources and with the help of members of the households.
(ii)
They use locally available resources and skills.
(iii)
For example, carpet weaving, handloom and handicrafts industry, etc.
64)
Question. Mention the
problems faced by silk industry.
Answer:
The main problems being faced by the silk industry are the following:
(i)
Competition from artificial silk is the main problem faced by the Indian silk
industry. Artificial silk is cheaper and better in quality.
(ii)
Import of better quality and cheaper raw silk from China is also detrimental
for the Indian silk industry.
iii)
The changes in prices of raw silk badly affect both the growers and the silk
industry.
(iv)
There is no systematic testing and grading of silk as in advanced countries
like Japan.
(v)
The industry needs modern power looms for increasing production.
65)
Question. Mention any two
problems of small-scale and cottage industries.
Answer:
The problems of small-scale and cottage industries are as follows:
(i)
Small-scale and cottage industries lack modern technology.
(ii)
They cannot complete in terms of quality and price with the large scale
industries. Question.
66)
The handloom industry is
important for our history and development of our country! Why?
Ø
Cultural Heritage: It preserves traditional
weaving techniques and patterns, reflecting the cultural heritage of a country.
Ø
Employment: It provides jobs for many
people, particularly in rural areas.
Ø
Craftsmanship: It sustains and passes down
intricate skills to future generations.
Ø
Rural Development: It boosts rural economies
and livelihoods.
Ø
Sustainability: It often involves
eco-friendly practices using natural materials.
Ø
Fair Trade: It supports ethical and
fair wage practices for artisans.
67)
Question. How can silk
industries be bought at international standards?
Improve
Quality:
Enhance silk quality and durability through better processes and materials.
Upgrade
Technology:
Adopt modern machinery and digital tools for efficient production.
Enhance
Skills:
Train workers in advanced techniques and vocational education.
Certification: Adhere to quality and
sustainability standards, seek certifications.
Sustainability: Promote eco-friendly
practices and responsible silkworm rearing.
68)
Question. What factors have
favoured the localisation of the cotton textile industry in Mumbai and
Ahmedabad ?
OR
Why have
Mumbai and Ahmedabad emerged as the important cotton manufacturing centres ?
Answer:
(i)
Proximity to Raw Material: The
supply of raw cotton for the mills is supplied by the cotton producing areasof
the Deccan Plateau that lie close to these mills.
(ii) Climatic
Conditions: The humid coastal climate favours the textile making without
breaking the thread.
(iii)
Transport Facilities: Mumbai and
Ahmedabad are well connected through rail and road links with cotton growing
areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat, respectively and also through sea routes with
the foreign markets.
(iv) Port Facilities: Mumbai is a leading
port with export and import facilities from Kandla. The location of port facilities
from Kandla. The location of ports facilitate import of capital goods, chemicals
etc. and the export of finished goods.
(v) Labour: Mumbai and Ahmedabad have
enough labour force from within or nearby states. (vi) Capital: Both Mumbai and
Ahmedabad being the financial and commercial centres of the country have easy
access to capital and financial resources. A large number of banks and other
financial institutions exist in these cities which provide loans and other
credit facilities to the manufacturers (vii)
Power: Power is of utmost need for the development of any industry. The
cotton mills in Mumbai are supplied electricity by the Tata Hydroelectric
system located in the Western Ghats whereas electricity is supplied in Gujarat
by the Ukai and Kakrapara hydroelectric projects.
(viii) Market: There is a huge market for
the cotton cloth in these states as well as in the southern and coastal areas of
the country because of the hot climate which prevails in these areas. Besides
internal demand, a huge market for the India cotton cloth exists outside the
country, especially in the Middle East countries which are located
comparatively near to Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
69)
Question. List the problems
faced by sugar industry.
Answer: The sugarcane industry suffers from a
number of problems. These are the following:
(i)
The sugarcane cultivated in India is of poor quality low yield per hectare and
low sucrose content.
(ii)
The cost of production is quite high because of the inefficient and uneconomic
nature of production, low yield, short crushing season and location of
sugarcane producing areas far away from the factories.
(iii)
About whole of sugarcane is harvested at the same time, as a result there is
excess pressure on factories during harvest time and some amount of cane goes
waste. This adds to the cost of production.
(iv)
The supply of raw materials to sugar factories is irregular as no plantation
industry exists around the factory.
Moreover,
sugarcane is grown by small farmers who sell their produce to sugar factories.
(v)
The output of cane also depends on the price offered for the sugarcane. Farmers
sell the cane to the factories at prices fixed by the government. If the prices
offered are not attractive, farmers switch over to other crops.
(vi)
The by-products of sugar like molasses and bagasse are not utilised completely.
These can be converted into other useful products to reduce the cost of production
(vii)
Old and obsolete machinery is used in sugar industry. This should be replaced
by new technology and new machinery.
(vii)
Instead of sugar, in rural areas, the demand for gur and khandsari is more.
70)
Question. State two economic
advantages of the handloom industry.
Answer:
(i)
The industry today provides employment to about 10 million people
(ii)
It contributes over 23 per cent of the total cloth production in the country.
71)
Question. What are the
problems of the cotton textile industry?
Answer:
The cotton textile industry suffers from the following problems:
(i) Shortage of Raw
Material:
There is a shortage of raw material, particularly of long staple cotton, which
is imported from Pakistan, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Egypt, USA and Peru.
(ii) Sick Industrial Units: The cotton industry faces
constant threat of sickness and consequent closure, because of- (a) uncertainly
of raw material; (b) low productivity of machines and labour, (c) increasing
competition from powerloom sector; (d) lack of modernisation; and (e)
management problems. These sick units require heavy financial investments for
replacement and modernization purposes. Many of these sick units have been
taken over by the government.
(iii) Shortage of Power: The cotton textile mills
are facing acute shortage f power. Supplies of coal are difficult to obtain and
frequent cuts in electricity and load shedding affect the industry badly. This
leads to loss of man hours, low production and loss in the mills.
72)
Question. Name any two large
sugar producing states, one each in north and south India.
The
two large sugar producing states in India are
(i) North- Uttar Pradesh
(ii) South - Tamil Nadu
73)
Question. Name the major
sugar producing centres in Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruchchirapalli and Villupuram.
74)
Question. What are the
solutions to the problems of cotton textile industries?
Answer:
Solutions:
(i)
Government should provide continuous power to industries.
(ii)
India should export garments/spun cloth instead of yarn so that we can meet
local demands as well as earn more foreign exchange.
(iii)
Machine should be ungraded.
(iv)
Output per labourer should be increased
75)
Question. Kolkata is an
important cotton manufacturing centre even though West Bengal is not a leading
producer of cotton.
Answer:
Kolkata is an important cotton manufacturing centre even though West
Bengal
is not a leading producer of cotton because:
(i)
Kolkata has a humid climate which helps in weaving
(ii)
Water, coal, cheap labour is easily available
(iii)
Port facilities are available here.
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