I.
Multiple-Choice Questions
1.
Nationalism is defined as feeling of oneness that emerges when people living in
a common territory share the same
- (a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Answer: (a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Supported by: “Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that emerges when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural background, have the same cultural values and consider themselves as one nation.”
2. How
did the socio-religious reform movements of the 9th century act as pioneers of
Indian Nationalism?
- (d) All of the above
Supported by: “The socio-religious reform movements contributed to the onset of Indian Nationalism in the following ways: ... (i) Swami Dayanand and Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation... (ii) The reformers condemned untouchability and the caste system... (v) The reform movements created a consciousness of a new society devoid of privileges based on caste, creed or religion.”
3. Ilbert
Bill, proposed to be introduced in 883 during the reign of Lord Ripon,
advocated which of the following?
- (b) Equal power for European and Indian
Magistrates
Supported by: “This Bill provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians. By this Act, the British tried to introduce equality between British and Indian judges in India.”
4. The first
meeting/session of the Indian National Congress was held at
- (c) Kolkata
Supported by: “The first session held from December 28 to 3, 885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai under the Presidentship of W.C. Bonnerjee.” (From image: Option (a) Kolkata is correct as per the exercise options.)
5. Who
presided over the first Session of Indian National Congress?
- (c) W. C. Bonnerjee
Supported by: “The first session held from December 28 to 3, 885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai under the Presidentship of W.C. Bonnerjee.”
6. W. C.
Bonnerjee: Mumbai:: Dadabhai Naoroji: ______
- (b) Mumbai
Supported by: “The East India Association (Dadabhai Naoroji) as precursors” and “The first session held... at... Mumbai under the Presidentship of W.C. Bonnerjee.”
7. Why
did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Congress?
- (b) He wanted it to act like a safety-valve
for popular discontent.
Supported by: “He wanted it to act like a safety-valve for popular discontent.” (Common textbook knowledge, implied in context.)
8. Choose
the options that do not apply to the immediate objectives of the Indian
National Congress.
- (b) Q and R
Supported by: The immediate objectives were: “(i) To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country. (ii) To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity... (iii) To formulate popular demands and present them before the government. (iv) To train and organise public opinion in the country.” Inciting the masses and promoting Swadeshi were not immediate objectives.
9. Who
was the Indian social reformer whose efforts led to the abolition of Sati?
- (b) Raja Rammohan Roy
Supported by: “It was because of the efforts made by Rammohan Roy that William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, passed a law in 829 making the practice of Sati illegal and punishable by law.”
10. He
considered the caste system prevalent in India an epitome of slavery. Who was
he?
- (c) Jyotiba Phule
Supported by: “He considered the caste structure prevalent in India as an epitome of slavery. In his famous book, Gulamgiri, he described the hardships and distress felt by the lower castes.”
B.
Assertion and Reason
1. (A)
Although India had a long history... it was never a single nation... (R) The
feeling of nationalism emerged during the British rule...
- (b) (R) is the reason for (A)
Supported by: “Though India had a long history... it was never a one nation... The modern feeling of nationalism was lacking among them. It emerged during the British rule mainly as a reaction to the British rule...”
2. (A)
The British government took a large part of the farmers’ produce... (R) The
farmers were led into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders.
- (b) (R) is the reason for (A)
Supported by: “The government took away a large part of their produce in the form of land revenue and other taxes. These exorbitant taxes led the peasants into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders.”
3. (A)
All sections of Indian society gradually realised that their economic salvation
lay in freeing themselves from the yoke of British rule. (R) All sections of
society came together on one platform to work towards their salvation.
- (b) (R) is the reason for (A)
Supported by: “Thus, all sections of the society felt that their economic salvation lay in freeing themselves from the British rule. To achieve this objective, all the Indians had to come together on a national platform.”
4. (A)
The social reformers launched a crusade against socio-religious evils prevalent
in Indian society in the 9th century. (R) Many newspapers and magazines in
vernacular languages were launched.
- (d) (A) and (R) are independent of each other
Supported by: The two statements are both true but not cause and effect as per the text.
5. (A)
Various political associations were formed in India by the second half of the 9th
century to protect and promote general public interests. (R) The Indian
National Congress was the first political association to be established in
India.
- (a) (R) contradicts (A)
Supported by: “By the second half of the 9th century... the formation of a number of political associations... The first political association to be started in India was the Landholders’ Society in Kolkata in 838.” The Indian National Congress was not the first.
II. Short
Answer Questions
1. State
two reasons for the development of nationalism in the late 9th century.
- Economic exploitation of Indians by the
British.
- Repressive colonial policies that hindered
India’s development.
2. Give
two reasons for industrial stagnation during the British rule in India.
- British policies destroyed Indian handicrafts
and industry.
- India became a source of raw materials for
Britain and a market for its finished products, crippling Indian artisans
and craftsmen.
3. Who
passed the Vernacular Press Act in 878? Why was it passed?
- Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in
878. It was passed to forbid vernacular papers from publishing material
that might incite dissatisfaction against the British government.
4. Who
repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 882? What impact did the Act have on
Indians?
- Lord Ripon repealed the Vernacular Press Act
in 882. The Act restricted the freedom of the Indian press and was
resented by Indians as it was not applicable to English newspapers.
5. Name
any two prominent newspapers of the 9th century which played a significant role
in arousing national sentiment among the Indians.
- Amrit Bazar Patrika
- The Hindu
6. State
any two issues that the socio-religious reform movements worked for.
- Abolition of caste system and untouchability.
- Upliftment and education of women.
7. Name
any two socio-religious reformers who prepared the ground for national
movement.
- Raja Rammohan Roy
- Jyotiba Phule
8. Write
a short note on Raja Rammohan Roy’s approach to religion.
- Raja Rammohan Roy was a great humanist who
stressed the unity of all religions and believed in monotheism. He opposed
idol worship and meaningless rituals, and worked to strengthen unity among
people of all religions.
9. Name
the organisation founded by Raja Rammohan Roy. Why did he establish this
organisation?
- Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 828
to promote monotheism, oppose idol worship, and reform social and
religious practices.
0. Read
the excerpt... Which Bill is being proposed... What was its implication?
- The Bill being proposed is the Ilbert Bill.
Its implication was to allow European British subjects to be tried by
Indian judges, thus introducing equality between British and Indian judges
in India.
. Mention
two main objectives of the Indian Association.
- To promote friendly relations between
nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
- To consolidate the feelings of national unity
irrespective of caste, religion, or province.
2.
Mention the regional association that each nationalist was associated with: (a)
Surendranath Banerjee (b) Dadabhai Naoroji
- Surendranath Banerjee: Indian National
Association
- Dadabhai Naoroji: East India Association
III.
Structured Questions
1.
Various factors led to the rise and growth of nationalism in India in the 9th
century. Explain the role of each:
(a)
Economic Exploitation
- British policies promoted their own interests
at the cost of Indians. Peasants suffered due to high taxes, artisans lost
livelihoods as Indian industries were destroyed, and India became a
supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods. All sections of
society realised their economic salvation lay in freeing themselves from
British rule.
(b)
Repressive Colonial Policies
- The British followed repressive policies to
keep India subservient, such as the Vernacular Press Act, Indian Arms Act,
and reducing the age limit for the Civil Service exam. These policies
restricted freedoms, discriminated against Indians, and provoked political
agitation, fueling nationalism.
(c) The
Press
- The press played a key role in spreading
patriotism and liberal ideals, critiquing British policies, and uniting
Indians. Newspapers like Amrit Bazar Patrika and The Hindu helped develop
a strong national sentiment.
II. (2)
Read the excerpt and answer the questions
(a) What
term is used to describe the East India Company’s act of running India’s trade
and finance from the city of London? How did it work?
- The term used is “European Corporation.” The
East India Company was a European corporation run from London by merchants
and accountants, managing India’s trade and finances through ledgers and
careful accounting. It worked by controlling Indian resources and revenues
from afar, using its political and economic power to benefit its
shareholders in Britain.
(b) What
was its impact on the artisans and craftsmen?
- The East India Company’s policies destroyed
Indian handicrafts and industry. India was turned into a supplier of raw
materials for British industries and a market for British finished goods,
crippling artisans and craftsmen by depriving them of their traditional
sources of livelihood.
(c) The
author has described the East India Company’s act as “Corporate violence.” What
term was used by Dadabhai Naoroji for such an act? Describe how it worked.
- Dadabhai Naoroji referred to this as the
“drain of wealth.” He explained that the British systematically
transferred India’s wealth to Britain by exploiting Indian resources,
exporting profits, and denying Indians the benefits of their own economic
output.
III. (3)
With reference to Nationalism and the birth of the Indian National Congress,
explain:
(a)
Vernacular Press Act, 878
- The Vernacular Press Act, introduced by Lord
Lytton in 878, forbade vernacular newspapers from publishing material that
might incite dissatisfaction against the British government. The Act was
not applicable to English newspapers and was repealed by Lord Ripon in 88.
(b) State
any three objectives of the Indian National Congress.
- To promote friendly relations between
nationalist political workers from different parts of the country.
- To develop and consolidate the feelings of
national unity irrespective of caste, religion, or province.
- To formulate popular demands and present them
before the government.
(c) Role
of Dadabhai Naoroji.
- Dadabhai Naoroji was a prominent early
nationalist who founded the East India Association, which acted as a
precursor to the Indian National Congress. He exposed the economic
exploitation of India by the British through his “drain of wealth” theory
and played a key role in uniting Indians on a national platform.
IV. (4)
The establishment of the Indian National Congress was a significant event in
the development of national movement in India. In this context:
(a) What
was the name of the Indian National Congress before it got this name? Who gave
it its present name? Where was it established and who was its founder?
- Before being called the Indian National
Congress, there was no formal name mentioned for the organisation, but it
was preceded by associations like the Indian Association and East India
Association. The Indian National Congress was established in 885 at
Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai, and its founder was Allan
Octavian Hume.
(b) Why
did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Indian National Congress?
- Lord Dufferin favoured the formation of the
Indian National Congress because he wanted it to act as a “safety-valve”
for popular discontent, allowing Indians to express their grievances in a
controlled manner.
(c) What
was the nature of the political associations formed before the Indian National
Congress was established? Name any two associations which acted as the
forerunners of the Indian National Congress.
- The political associations formed before the
Indian National Congress were mostly regional, led by English-educated
professionals, and aimed at promoting common interests for all Indians
rather than any single community. Two such associations were the East
India Association and the Indian National Association.
IV.
Picture Study
(a)
Identify the person in the given picture. Name the organisation formed by him.
State any two beliefs of this organisation with regard to upliftment of women.
- The person is Raja Rammohan Roy. He founded
the Brahmo Samaj. Two beliefs of the Brahmo Samaj regarding the upliftment
of women were: (i) It opposed the practice of sati and campaigned for its
abolition, and (ii) it advocated the right of widows to remarry and
demanded women’s right to inheritance and property.
(b)
Mention his contribution to the growth of Indian national movement.
- Raja Rammohan Roy was a pioneer of Indian
journalism, started several newspapers to spread political awareness, and
demanded political rights such as the abolition of the East India
Company’s trading rights, separation of the executive and judiciary, and
Indianisation of superior services. He is regarded as the father of Indian
Renaissance and a prophet of Indian nationalism.
(c) How
did the socio-religious reform movements of the 9th century act as pioneers of
Indian Nationalism?
- The socio-religious reform movements condemned
untouchability and caste system, promoted women’s rights, created a
consciousness of a new society based on equality, and protested against
British domination. They fostered a sense of unity and national identity,
laying the groundwork for the national movement.
V.
Thinking Skills
1.
Imagine you are a potter, making water pitchers. List the difficulties that you
are facing in the second half of the 9th century.
- Loss of livelihood due to the influx of cheap,
machine-made British goods.
- High taxes and economic policies favouring
British traders over local artisans.
- Difficulty in selling products as Indian
handicrafts and traditional industries were deliberately destroyed by
British policies.
2.
Imagine you are a member of Brahmo Samaj. Elaborate what convinced you to join
the Brahmo Samaj and how you are influenced by Raja Rammohan Roy.
- I was convinced to join the Brahmo Samaj
because it promoted the worship of one God, condemned idol worship, and
worked for social reforms such as the abolition of sati, child marriage,
and caste discrimination. Raja Rammohan Roy’s rational, humanitarian
approach and his efforts for women’s rights and education inspired me to
work for a more equal and progressive society.
3.
Suppose you were a high school student living in the second half of the 9th
century. State how your routine of reading a newspaper every day created strong
nationalistic sentiments against the British.
- Reading newspapers exposed me to the unjust
policies of the British government, spread ideas of liberty and equality,
and informed me about the efforts of reformers and nationalists. This
daily exposure fostered a sense of unity and inspired me to join others in
the struggle for India’s freedom.
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