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chapter 12 geography class 10 sources of energy

 


conventional sources of energy

I. Choose the correct option:

  1. Which types of resources of energy are coal, petroleum, and natural gas? (d) Both (a) and (b)
    • Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are conventional sources of energy because they have been used for a long time. They are also non-renewable sources because they cannot be replenished naturally at a rate that matches their consumption.
  1. ______ coal has ______ per cent of carbon content and is the most preferred variety of coal. (c) Anthracite, 90
    • Anthracite coal has the highest carbon content (90%) and is preferred for domestic use due to its high calorific value and smokeless burning.
  1. Bituminous coal is also known as ______. (a) coking coal
    • Bituminous coal is often referred to as coking coal because it is used to produce coke, a key ingredient in steel manufacturing.
  1. Assertion (A): Natural gas is an eco-friendly fuel. Reason (R): It is lighter than air and tends to dissipate in case of leakage. (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
    • Natural gas is eco-friendly because it produces fewer greenhouse gases compared to other fossil fuels. While it is lighter than air and dissipates quickly in case of a leak, this property does not directly explain its eco-friendliness.
  1. Anthracite is ideal for domestic use as it is: (d) All of them.
    • Anthracite is ideal for domestic use because it is smokeless, has a high calorific value, and contains a high percentage of carbon.
  1. Name the brown, low-grade coal. (b) Lignite
    • Lignite is known as brown coal and is considered a low-grade coal due to its lower carbon content and higher moisture levels.
  1. ______ is the oldest coalfield in India. (a) Raniganj
    • The Raniganj coalfield in West Bengal is the oldest coalfield in India.
  1. Gondwana coal has variable quantities of ______. (d) All of them.
    • Gondwana coal is characterized by low moisture, small amounts of sulphur, and small variable quantities of phosphorus.
  1. Assertion (A): Hydel power is the cheapest form of renewable energy. Reason (R): Once the project is operational, it does not produce waste or greenhouse gases. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
    • Hydel power is cost-effective in the long run because it is renewable and does not produce waste or greenhouse gases once operational.
  1. The Neyveli Lignite coalfield in ______ is the largest lignite deposit field in South India. (d) Tamil Nadu
    • The Neyveli Lignite coalfield in Tamil Nadu is the largest lignite deposit in South India.
  1. The liquid petroleum is called ______. (a) Crude oil
    • Crude oil is the unrefined liquid petroleum extracted from the ground.
  1. Light distillates: gasoline :: middle distillates: ______. (a) diesel
    • Middle distillates obtained from crude oil refining include diesel.
  1. Petroleum is used: (d) All of the above.
    • Petroleum is used as a fuel, as a raw material for petrochemicals, and for power generation.
  1. Name the main component of LPG. (b) Butane
    • The main component of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is butane.
  1. Countries are phasing out fossil-fuel-based energy sources because: (d) All of the above.
    • Fossil fuels contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, are non-renewable, and can be expensive due to extraction and environmental costs.
  1. You see this sticker (given on the right) on the front windshield of a car. What does it mean? (b) The car uses Compressed Natural Gas as fuel.
    • The sticker indicates that the car runs on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), a cleaner alternative to petrol and diesel.

 

II. Answer the following questions:

Q.1 (a) What is meant by conventional sources of energy? Name any two conventional sources of energy.

  • Conventional sources of energy are those that have been used by humans for a long time and are still widely used today. These sources are typically non-renewable and include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydel power.
  • Two examples of conventional sources of energy are:
    1. Coal
    2. Petroleum

(b) Name two main coal-bearing areas in India.

  • Two main coal-bearing areas in India are:
    1. Jharia (Jharkhand)
    2. Raniganj (West Bengal)

(c) Give geographical reasons for the following:

  • (i) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes.
    • Anthracite is preferred for domestic use because it has a high calorific value, burns smokelessly, and leaves very little ash. This makes it ideal for heating and cooking in households.
  • (ii) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports.
    • Oil refineries are located near oilfields to minimize transportation costs and reduce the risk of spills. Refineries near ports facilitate the import and export of crude oil and refined products, making the process more efficient.
  • (iii) The location of coalfields is an important factor in industrial development.
    • The location of coalfields is crucial for industrial development because industries, especially steel plants and thermal power stations, rely heavily on coal for energy and raw materials. Proximity to coalfields reduces transportation costs and ensures a steady supply of fuel.

(d) (i) Name the varieties of coal found in India.

  • The varieties of coal found in India are:
    1. Anthracite
    2. Bituminous
    3. Lignite
    4. Peat

(ii) Give a characteristic of each type of coal.

  • Anthracite:
    • Highest carbon content (90%).
    • Hard, shiny, and burns with a blue flame.
    • Smokeless and has a high calorific value.
  • Bituminous:
    • Carbon content ranges from 50% to 80%.
    • Used for coke production and industrial purposes.
    • Most abundant type of coal in India.
  • Lignite:
    • Brown coal with lower carbon content (40%).
    • High moisture content and low calorific value.
    • Used primarily for electricity generation.
  • Peat:
    • First stage of coal formation.
    • Low carbon content and high moisture.
    • Used as fuel and absorbent material.

Q.2 (a) How is Gondwana coalfield different from tertiary coalfield in terms of location and quality?

  • Gondwana Coalfields:
    • Location: Found in the river valleys of Damodar, Mahanadi, and Godavari.
    • Quality: Mostly bituminous with low moisture content and high carbon content (50% to 80%).
  • Tertiary Coalfields:
    • Location: Found in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Nagaland.
    • Quality: Higher moisture content, lower calorific value, and more sulphur compared to Gondwana coal.

(b) Name the coalfield that is oldest and one that is largest in India.

  • Oldest coalfield: Raniganj (West Bengal)
  • Largest coalfield: Jharia (Jharkhand)

(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

  • (i) Petroleum is called 'liquid gold'.
    • Petroleum is called 'liquid gold' because of its high value and versatility. It is used as a fuel and as a raw material for various petrochemical products, making it indispensable in modern industries and transportation.
  • (ii) Natural gas is a fossil fuel.
    • Natural gas is a fossil fuel because it is formed from the decomposition of organic matter (plants and animals) buried under the Earth's surface over millions of years.
  • (iii) CNG is an eco-friendly fuel.
    • Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is eco-friendly because it produces fewer emissions compared to petrol and diesel, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

(d) (i) State two advantages of coal as a source of power.

  • Two advantages of coal as a source of power are:
    1. Abundant and affordable: Coal is widely available and relatively inexpensive, making it a reliable source of energy.
    2. Versatile use: Coal is used for electricity generation, steel production, and as a fuel in various industries.

(ii) Where is the oldest oilfield located in India?

  • The oldest oilfield in India is Digboi, located in Assam.

Q.3 (a) What is Natural Gas? Name two variants of natural gas.

  • Natural Gas is a fossil fuel primarily composed of methane (95%), along with small amounts of propane and ethane. It is formed from the decomposition of organic matter and is often found in association with petroleum deposits.
  • Two variants of natural gas are:
    1. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
    2. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

(b) Where is natural gas found in India? Name two coastal and two inland oil refineries in India.

  • Natural gas in India is primarily found in:
    • Mumbai High (Maharashtra)
    • Assam
    • Tamil Nadu
    • Rajasthan
    • Tripura
  • Two coastal oil refineries:
    1. Jamnagar Refinery (Gujarat)
    2. Chennai Refinery (Tamil Nadu)
  • Two inland oil refineries:
    1. Mathura Refinery (Uttar Pradesh)
    2. Barauni Refinery (Bihar)

(c) (i) Why do the natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits?

  • Natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits because both are formed from the decomposition of organic matter under similar geological conditions. Natural gas is often found trapped above oil deposits in underground reservoirs.

(ii) What is added to domestic gas cylinders, which gives a foul smell? Why?

  • Ethyl mercaptan is added to domestic gas cylinders to give a foul smell. This is done to detect gas leaks easily, as natural gas is odorless and colorless.

(d) Give two advantages and one disadvantage of natural gas.

  • Advantages:
    1. Eco-friendly: Natural gas produces fewer emissions compared to coal and petroleum, making it cleaner for the environment.
    2. Efficient and easy to transport: It can be transported through pipelines and stored in tanks, making it convenient for both industrial and domestic use.
  • Disadvantage:
    • Highly flammable and toxic: Leaks can cause explosions or fires, and inhaling natural gas can be harmful to health.

Q.4 (a) Name one important area that has large coal deposits in (i) Jharkhand and (ii) West Bengal.

  • (i) Jharkhand: Jharia
  • (ii) West Bengal: Raniganj

(b) State any one disadvantage of coal found in India.

  • One disadvantage of coal found in India is its low calorific value compared to coal found in other countries, which reduces its efficiency as a fuel.

(c) (i) Name two States that have deposits of the Gondwana coal.

  • Two states with Gondwana coal deposits are:
    1. Jharkhand
    2. West Bengal

(ii) Name two industries that use large quantities of coal.

  • Two industries that use large quantities of coal are:
    1. Iron and Steel Industry
    2. Thermal Power Plants

(d) (i) Which State is the largest producer of mineral oil?

  • The largest producer of mineral oil in India is Gujarat.

(ii) Mention any two advantages of hydel power.

  • Two advantages of hydel power are:
    1. Renewable and non-polluting: Hydel power does not produce greenhouse gases or waste, making it environmentally friendly.
    2. Multi-purpose use: Dams built for hydel power can also be used for irrigation, flood control, and water storage.

Q.5 (a) Why does India have to import oil?

  • India imports oil because domestic production is insufficient to meet the country's growing energy demands. The demand for petroleum products in industries, transportation, and households exceeds the supply from domestic oilfields.

(b) Name one refinery which belongs to the private sector and one in the public sector.

  • Private sector refinery: Jamnagar Refinery (Reliance Industries, Gujarat)
  • Public sector refinery: Digboi Refinery (Indian Oil Corporation, Assam)

(c) Name the two coastal oil refineries, one on the west coast of India and the other on the east coast of India. Name one inland oil refinery. List the sources of crude oil for these refineries.

  • West Coast: Jamnagar Refinery (Gujarat)
    • Sources of crude oil: Mumbai High, imported crude oil
  • East Coast: Chennai Refinery (Tamil Nadu)
    • Sources of crude oil: Imported crude oil
  • Inland oil refinery: Mathura Refinery (Uttar Pradesh)
    • Sources of crude oil: Mumbai High, imported crude oil

(d) Where are the deposits of Petroleum normally located? Give two uses of Petroleum besides being used as a fuel.

  • Petroleum deposits are normally located in sedimentary rock formations, such as sandstone, shale, and limestone, often found in underground reservoirs or offshore zones.
  • Two uses of petroleum besides fuel:
    1. Raw material for petrochemicals: Used to produce plastics, synthetic rubber, and fertilizers.
    2. Lubricants: Used in machinery and vehicles to reduce friction.

Q.6 (a) Name four products that are obtained during the refining process of petroleum.

  • Four products obtained during petroleum refining are:
    1. Petrol (Gasoline)
    2. Diesel
    3. Kerosene
    4. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

(b) State any two advantages of using petroleum as a source of power.

  • Two advantages of petroleum as a source of power:
    1. High energy density: Petroleum produces a large amount of energy per unit volume, making it efficient for transportation and industrial use.
    2. Versatility: It can be refined into various products like petrol, diesel, and LPG, which are used in vehicles, cooking, and power generation.

(c) State any three disadvantages of using petroleum.

  • Three disadvantages of petroleum:
    1. Non-renewable: Petroleum is a finite resource and will eventually be depleted.
    2. Environmental pollution: Burning petroleum releases greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming and air pollution.
    3. Price volatility: The cost of petroleum is subject to global market fluctuations, making it expensive at times.

(d) State any three disadvantages of hydel power.

  • Three disadvantages of hydel power:
    1. High initial cost: Building dams and hydel power plants requires significant investment.
    2. Environmental impact: Large dams can disrupt local ecosystems, displace communities, and alter natural water flow.
    3. Geological risks: Dams can induce earthquakes or cause sediment buildup, affecting their long-term viability.

Q.7 (a) Where is Mumbai High? What is Sagar Samrat?

  • Mumbai High is an offshore oilfield located in the Arabian Sea, about 176 km off the coast of Mumbai. It is one of the most productive oilfields in India.
  • Sagar Samrat is a self-propelled, jack-up drilling platform used for extracting oil from Mumbai High. It is designed to operate in deep waters and can drill at depths of over 1,400 meters.

(b) Why is coal often used near the source of its mining whereas mineral oil is transported to great distances?

  • Coal is often used near its mining source because it is bulky and expensive to transport. Using it locally reduces transportation costs and logistical challenges.
  • Mineral oil, on the other hand, has a high energy density and can be transported efficiently through pipelines, tankers, and trucks over long distances without significant loss or cost.

(c) Name the region in which India's main coalfields are located. What is the quality of coal found here? What are its uses?

  • India's main coalfields are located in the Damodar, Mahanadi, and Godavari river valleys.
  • Quality of coal: Mostly bituminous with carbon content ranging from 50% to 80%.
  • Uses:
    • Industrial purposes: Used in steel plants and thermal power stations.
    • Domestic use: Used as fuel for heating and cooking.
    • Coke production: Bituminous coal is used to produce coke for the iron and steel industry.

(d) State three advantages of dams.

  • Three advantages of dams:
    1. Flood control: Dams help regulate water flow, preventing floods during heavy rainfall.
    2. Irrigation: Stored water is used for irrigating agricultural lands, boosting food production.
    3. Hydroelectricity: Dams generate clean and renewable hydel power, contributing to the energy needs of the region.

Q.8 (a) Name the power generated in the picture. Briefly explain the process involved in power generation in this case.

  • The power generated in the picture is hydel power (hydroelectricity).
  • Process:
    • Water from a river is stored in a reservoir created by a dam.
    • The stored water is released from a height, creating a strong flow.
    • This flowing water rotates the turbines located at the bottom of the dam.
    • The turbines are connected to generators, which produce electricity as they rotate.

(b) With reference to the Bhakra Nangal Project, answer the following:

  • (i) Name the river on which it has been constructed.
    • The Bhakra Nangal Project is constructed on the Sutlej River.
  • (ii) Name two states that benefit from this project.
    • Two states that benefit from the Bhakra Nangal Project are:
      1. Punjab
      2. Haryana

(c) (i) On which river is Hirakud Dam located?

  • The Hirakud Dam is located on the Mahanadi River.

(ii) Give any two uses of this dam.

  • Two uses of the Hirakud Dam:
    1. Irrigation: Provides water for agricultural lands in Odisha.
    2. Hydroelectricity: Generates electricity through its power plants.

(d) State three disadvantages of constructing a big dam.

  • Three disadvantages of constructing a big dam:
    1. Displacement of people: Large dams often require submerging vast areas, leading to the displacement of local communities.
    2. Environmental impact: Dams can disrupt aquatic ecosystems, affect fish migration, and alter the natural flow of rivers.
    3. High construction cost: Building dams involves massive financial investment and long construction periods.

III. Map Work

Mark and name the following on the outline map of India:

  • Coal:
    1. Jharia (Jharkhand)
    2. Raniganj (West Bengal)
  • Petroleum:
    1. Mumbai High (Maharashtra)
    2. Digboi (Assam)
  • Natural Gas:
    1. Mumbai High (Maharashtra)
    2. Krishna-Godavari Basin (Andhra Pradesh)
  • Hydel Power:
    1. Bhakra Nangal Dam (Punjab)
    2. Hirakud Dam (Odisha)

IV. Thinking Skills

Q.1 Suppose you are involved in the printing industry. Which conventional source of energy would you be using and for what? How is this resource affecting the lives of people in India?

  • In the printing industry, electricity generated from coal or petroleum-based fuels is commonly used to power machinery and equipment.
  • Impact on lives in India:
    • Positive:
      • Provides employment opportunities in coal mining, power plants, and related industries.
      • Supports industrial growth, contributing to the economy.
    • Negative:
      • Air pollution: Burning coal releases pollutants, affecting air quality and public health.
      • Environmental degradation: Mining and burning coal contribute to deforestation, soil erosion, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Q.2 Name one fuel which has been developed as an alternative to petrol and diesel for use in vehicles. Name the fossil fuel from which it is derived and is preferred over the conventional source of energy from which it is derived?

  • Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a fuel developed as an alternative to petrol and diesel for vehicles.
  • Fossil fuel source: CNG is derived from natural gas, which is primarily composed of methane.
  • Preference over conventional fuels:
    • CNG is cleaner, producing fewer emissions than petrol or diesel.
    • It is more cost-effective and reduces dependence on imported crude oil.

Q.3 Imagine that you live in an area where a dam is being constructed. What advantages and disadvantages do you foresee once this hydro-project is completed?

  • Advantages:
    1. Access to electricity: The dam will generate hydroelectricity, providing a reliable power source.
    2. Irrigation: Water from the dam can be used to irrigate farmlands, improving agricultural productivity.
    3. Flood control: The dam will regulate water flow, reducing the risk of floods during the monsoon season.
    4. Employment opportunities: Construction and maintenance of the dam will create jobs for local people.
  • Disadvantages:
    1. Displacement: People living in the submerged area may lose their homes and land.
    2. Environmental impact: The dam can disrupt local ecosystems, affecting fish populations and river flow.
    3. Loss of cultural heritage: Submerged areas may include historical or culturally significant sites.
    4. Sedimentation: Over time, sediment buildup can reduce the dam's efficiency and lifespan.

Q.4 Study the graphs given below showing the primary source of energy for lighting in both rural and urban areas. What do you infer?

(Note: Since the graphs are not provided, here is a general interpretation based on typical trends.)

  • Inference:
    • Urban areas are likely to rely more on electricity from the grid, which may be generated from a mix of conventional sources like coal, natural gas, and hydel power.
    • Rural areas may still depend on traditional sources like kerosene, biomass, or solar power due to limited access to the electrical grid.
    • The graphs would likely show a transition from traditional to modern energy sources as urbanization and infrastructure development progress.
    • There may be a growing use of renewable energy like solar power in rural areas, supported by government initiatives to promote clean energy.

 













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