chapter 18 geography class 10 manufacturing industries agro based

 

Section I: MCQs (questions with answers)

1. Iron and steel industry and petroleum industry are the ______ industries.
   (a) Tertiary (b) Ancillary (c) Basic (d) Secondary
   Answer: c) Basic
2. Assertion (A): Jute mills are concentrated in the Hooghly region. Reason (R): Industries in India developed near the sources of raw material.
   Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
3. Assertion (A): Industrial units are located at places where water is easily available. Reason (R): All industries depend heavily on the availability of fresh water.
   Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. ______ are the industries which provide public utility based services.
   (a) Basic Industries (b) Cooperative Industries (c) Ancillary Industries (d) Tertiary Industries
   Answer: d) Tertiary Industries
5. Railways, Banking, Post and Telegraph industries are ______ industries.
   (a) Tertiary (b) Secondary (c) Ancillary (d) Basic
   Answer: a) Tertiary
6. Which of the following is used for producing steam that is a source of power for sugar industry?
   (a) Molasses (b) Bagasse (c) Press mud (d) Khandsari
   Answer: b) Bagasse
7. Assertion (A): A large number of industries are located in and around metropolitan cities. Reason (R): The availability as well as mobility of labour is an essential factor for industrial development.
   Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
8. ______ are used for the distillation of liquor and to produce some chemicals and synthetic rubber.
   (a) Press mud (b) Bagasse (c) Khandsari (d) Molasses
   Answer: d) Molasses
9. Assertion (A): Extreme type of climate is not favourable for the location of industries. Reason (R): It affects the availability of raw materials.
   Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
10. Name the important by-product of the sugar industry that is forcing the government to ban sugar export.
    (a) Molasses (b) Sugar (c) Ethanol (d) Bagasse
    Answer: c) Ethanol
11. Which of the following is a by-product of sugar industry used for making cardboard, paper and insulation boards?
    (a) Press mud (b) Molasses (c) Bagasse (d) All of the above.
    Answer: c) Bagasse
12. Assertion (A): There is excessive pressure on sugar factories during harvest time. Reason (R): About the entire crop of sugarcane is harvested at the same time.
    Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
13. Name the by-product of sugar industry used for making wax, carbon paper and shoe polish.
    (a) Press mud (b) Molasses (c) Bagasse (d) Khandsari
    Answer: a) Press mud
14. Sugarcane is not a plantation crop. What does this mean for the sugar industry?
    (a) It is cultivated by farmers in small fields. (b) In the absence of sugar mills near the field the sugar output is lowered. (c) Supply to the sugar industry is irregular. (d) All of the above.
    Answer: d) All of the above.
15. Assertion (A): Mumbai and Ahmedabad have emerged as important cotton manufacturing centres. Reason (R): They fulfil all requirements of the industry.
    Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
16. Which of the following cities account for nearly half of India's cotton mill cloth manufactured?
    (a) Jaipur and Kanpur (b) Ahmedabad and Mumbai (c) Coimbatore and Chennai (d) Panipat and Kolkata
    Answer: b) Ahmedabad and Mumbai
17. Complete the analogy with reference to the silk industry: Karnataka: Mysore :: Uttar Pradesh:
    (a) Varanasi (b) Agra (c) Mathura (d) Meerut
    Answer: a) Varanasi
18. Assertion (A): India is one of the largest producers of silk in the world. Reason (R): It has a long tradition of manufacturing and producing silk textiles.
    Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A.
19. Assertion (A): India contributes to about 18 per cent to the world silk production, but India’s requirement of raw silk is higher than current production. Reason (R): Sericulturists want import restrictions, while exporters want cheaper raw silk imports to compete.
    Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
20. India has monopoly over golden yellow muga silk. Which state does it come from?
    (a) West Bengal (b) Assam (c) Karnataka (d) Telangana
    Answer: b) Assam

Section II: Differences (questions with answers)

1. Give the difference between Micro Enterprise and Medium Enterprise.
   Answer: Micro Enterprise: investment in plant and machinery/equipment ≤ ₹1 crore and annual turnover ≤ ₹5 crore; Medium Enterprise: investment ≤ ₹50 crore and annual turnover ≤ ₹250 crore.
2. Give the difference between Heavy and Light industries.
   Answer: Heavy industries produce bulky capital goods and consumer durables, needing huge capital, raw material, and sophisticated machinery; Light industries produce lighter goods like cycles, sewing machines, and electronics with less capital and fewer workers.
3. Give the difference between Basic and Secondary industries.
   Answer: Basic industries form the core on which other industries depend, such as iron and steel and petroleum; Secondary or consumer industries process basic raw materials into goods for direct use, such as textiles, sugar, and paper.

Section III: Short answer (questions with answers)

Q1(a) What is the difference between Agro-based and Mineral-based industry?
Answer: Agro-based industries use agricultural produce as raw materials, such as cotton, jute, sugar, tea, and coffee, while mineral-based industries use metallic and non-metallic minerals and are based on ferrous/non-ferrous metallurgy, such as iron and steel, machine tools, cement, and chemicals.

Q1(b) Classify industries on the basis of the nature of products; give one example of each.
Answer: Heavy industries (example: heavy engineering/iron and steel) and Light industries (example: cycles/electronic goods).

Q1(c) Give a geographical reason for each:
(i) Why are sugar mills located close to sugarcane growing areas?
Answer: Sugarcane is perishable and weight-losing; sucrose declines rapidly post-harvest, so crushing must occur within 24 hours to reduce loss and transport costs.
(ii) Why is Mumbai known as the “Cottonopolis of India”?
Answer: It combines raw cotton proximity, humid coastal climate, excellent rail-road-sea transport and port facilities, abundant labour and capital, reliable hydel power, and a large domestic and overseas market.
(iii) Why does the silk industry have a small market?
Answer: It faces strong competition from cheaper artificial silk and cheaper/better raw silk imports, which constrain demand for domestically produced natural silk.

Q1(d)
(i) Mention two advantages of setting up a small-scale industry.
Answer: Requires relatively less capital and uses local raw materials and skills to serve local markets.
(ii) Give two points of difference between a public sector and a private sector industry.
Answer: Public sector is owned/managed by government (e.g., BHEL, IOC), while private sector is owned/managed by individuals or groups (e.g., RIL, Infosys).

Q2(a) Name two by-products of the sugar industry; give one use of each.
Answer: Molasses: distillation of liquor, power alcohol, and some chemicals/synthetic rubber; Bagasse: steam/power for mills and making cardboard, paper, and insulation boards.

Q2(b) Why is the sugar industry highly dispersed in India?
Answer: Mills must be sited near widespread cane fields due to perishability and weight loss of cane, leading to many centers across northern and peninsular regions.

Q2(c) Give a geographical reason for each:
(i) Scanty rain leads to lower sugar output.
Answer: Unfavourable climatic conditions reduce cane yield per hectare and sucrose recovery.
(ii) India’s troubled sugar crop would lead to increase in global price.
Answer: As a leading sugar producer/exporter, reduced Indian output/exports tighten world supply and support higher prices.
(iii) Sericulture flourishes in Karnataka.
Answer: Karnataka has favourable climate, nurseries, silk farms, and licensed seed distributors, supporting high mulberry silk output.

Q2(d) Give three reasons Maharashtra is the leading producer of sugar.
Answer: Maritime climate with higher sucrose recovery, longer crushing season, and large, modern co-operative mills in the Manmad–Kolhapur belt.

Q3(a) Mention any two features of the cotton textile industry in India.
Answer: India is among the largest manufacturers/exporters of cotton textiles, and production spans powerloom and handloom sectors with major output from Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.

Q3(b) Why have Mumbai and Ahmedabad emerged as important cotton manufacturing centres?
Answer: Proximity to raw cotton, humid climate, strong rail-road-sea connectivity, ports, abundant labour and capital, reliable hydel power, and large domestic/overseas markets.

Q3(c) State any three problems faced by the cotton industry in India.
Answer: Shortage of long-staple raw cotton, obsolete machinery with low productivity, and recurrent power shortages/load-shedding disrupting output.

Q3(d) What is sericulture? State any two problems faced by the silk industry.
Answer: Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms on mulberry leaves to produce silk; problems include competition from cheaper artificial silk and imports of better/cheaper raw silk from China.

Q4(a) State any two geographical features favourable for setting an industry.
Answer: Assured fresh water supply and reliable energy, alongside proximity to raw materials and transport links.

Q4(b) Mysore silk is famed, yet Murali, a weaver, doesn’t want his children to follow him; what could be the reason?
Answer: The sector faces competition from artificial silk, import pressure, and volatile raw silk prices, making earnings uncertain.

Q4(c) Give a geographical reason for each:
(i) Sugarcane is a weight-losing commodity.
Answer: Sucrose content declines quickly post-harvest, so weight/value drop unless crushed within 24 hours.
(ii) Uttar Pradesh has been relegated to second place in sugar production.
Answer: Old mills, management and labour issues, and a shorter crushing season reduced output relative to Maharashtra.
(iii) Export of sugar is being banned.
Answer: To ensure domestic availability and support ethanol blending that diverts sugar toward fuel, reducing emissions.

Q4(d)
(i) Name the state having the largest production of non-mulberry silk.
Answer: Assam.
(ii) Name the type of silk available in these states: Assam and Bihar.
Answer: Assam: muga (also eri and tasar non-mulberry); Bihar: tasar.

Q5(a) 2023 sugar export curb scenario: Is the government going to continue the ban on exports; why?
Answer: Continuation is likely when output is pressured to ensure domestic supply and meet ethanol blending targets that absorb sugar into fuel production.
(ii) How would ‘patchy rains’ impact the crop?
Answer: Patchy rainfall harms cane growth and sucrose accumulation, lowering yields and shortening effective crushing.

Q5(b) What purpose does the ban on sugar export serve?
Answer: It safeguards domestic availability and channels more feedstock to ethanol for transport fuel, cutting vehicular emissions and oil import dependence.

Q5(c) If the subsequent year has heavy rainfall and flooding, what is the impact on 2025–26 sugar production, and would the ban be lifted?
Answer: Flooding risks waterlogging and crop loss, threatening lower output, so an early lifting of the ban would be unlikely where damage is severe.

Q5(d) What would be the impact of this ban on the global market; give reasons.
Answer: Reduced Indian exports tighten global supply and support higher international prices as buyers shift to alternate exporters.

Q6) Case: investing in cotton textiles in the Gujarat–Maharashtra belt.
(a) Which factors led to investing in this industry?
Answer: Abundant cotton supply, humid climate, strong transport and port access, deep labour and capital markets, reliable hydel power, and large domestic/overseas demand.
(b) Where should the unit be set up?
Answer: In the Mumbai–Pune or Ahmedabad–Vadodara belts to leverage cotton proximity, port access (Mumbai/Kandla), and established industrial ecosystems.
(c) List any three problems of this industry and how to tackle them.
Answer: Raw cotton shortage → upgrade quality/contract supply; obsolete machinery → phased modernization and automatic looms; power shortages → efficiency and assured/captive power arrangements.
(d) Is there an alternate industry for this belt; compare profitability.
Answer: Sugar in Maharashtra’s cane belt is an alternative; sugar benefits from higher sucrose, longer crushing season, and monetizable by-products like ethanol and bagasse, whereas cotton textiles face stronger external competition, modernization needs, and power constraints.

Section IV: Thinking skills (questions with answers)

Q1) Ramesh’s modern agro-based unit in a remote town ran into losses; why?
Answer: Distance from major markets raises logistics costs, and limited local banking/credit, water/power reliability, skilled labour, and proximity to raw materials can raise costs and reduce competitiveness despite good equipment.

Q2) Advice for a sugar mill in Lakhimpur Kheri (U.P.).
Answer: It is feasible due to the Terai cane base, but success requires siting close to fields for rapid crushing, securing ample water and energy, ensuring good road/rail links, and tapping strong regional demand for sugar and by-products like molasses and bagasse.