ch3 history class 7D

 

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. The word Islam means submission to God.

2. The Umayyad Caliphate was established by Mu'awiya.

3. After the decline of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasids came to power in c. 750 CE.

4. According to Islamic scriptures, the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) visited Prophet Muhammad in the caves in c. 610 CE.

5. The Crusades were a series of religious wars organised by western European Christians in response to Muslim wars of expansion.

B. Match the following.

1. Shahada $\rightarrow$ b. A declaration of faith that there is only one God Allah and that He is the Prophet of God.

2. Salat $\rightarrow$ a. Muslims must offer five daily prayers (namaz).

3. Zakat $\rightarrow$ e. It means charity. Every Muslim must give alms to the poor.

4. Sawm $\rightarrow$ c. Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramzan.

5. Haj $\rightarrow$ d. All Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime.

C. Write True or False.

1. Mu'awiya moved the capital from Damascus to Medina in Syria. $\rightarrow$ False (Note: He moved it from Medina to Damascus)

2. The crusades were primarily fought to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both the Christians and Muslims. $\rightarrow$ True

3. After the decline of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasids came to power in c. 750 CE. $\rightarrow$ True

4. Hijrat refers to the Prophet's journey from Jerusalem to Medina. $\rightarrow$ False (Note: It refers to the journey from Mecca to Medina)

5. Prophet Muhammad died in c. 632 CE and his work was continued by his successors who established the Caliphate and came to be known as the Caliph or Khalifa. $\rightarrow$ True

D. Answer the following questions in brief.

1. What are the main principles of Islam? Write any three.

The five main pillars/principles of Islam are:

• Shahada: Declaration of faith in one God, Allah, and His Prophet.

• Salat: Offering prayers five times a day.

• Zakat: Giving alms or charity to the poor.

2. Who visited Prophet Muhammad in the Cave of Hira?

The Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) visited Prophet Muhammad in the Cave of Hira in c. 610 CE.

3. Write a short note on Abd-al-Malik.

Abd-al-Malik was a prominent Umayyad Caliph who ruled for about 20 years. He strengthened the empire by making Arabic the official language of administration, introducing uniform weights and measures, and placing Quranic verses on coins. Trade flourished under his rule, and he built the famous Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

4. Who was the Caliph? Name the first four Caliphs.

The Caliph (or Khalifa) was a successor to Prophet Muhammad who took charge of political and religious leadership to lead the Muslim community and establish the Caliphate. The first four Caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, and Imam Ali A.S..

5. Write any four teachings of Islam.

Four core teachings of Islam include:

• There is only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger.

• Idol worship is strictly prohibited.

• All humans are equal in the eyes of Allah.

• Lead an ethical life, abstain from evil, help others, and believe in life after death.

E. Answer the following questions in detail.

1. Explain the contribution of the Arabs.

• Administration & Trade: Developed highly efficient governance systems and tax structures, controlling major global trade routes linking the East and Europe.

• Literature: Created celebrated works such as the Arabian Nights, Firdausi's Shah Namah, and Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat.

• Arts & Architecture: Standardized unique architectural features like rounded arches, minarets, and grand domes (e.g., Sheikh Zayed Mosque), paired with sophisticated calligraphy.

• Science & Mathematics: Advanced chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics significantly, absorbing and expanding upon insights from Greece, Persia, India, and China.

2. Describe the conditions in Arabia before the rise of Islam.

The pre-Islamic era is referred to as the 'Times of Ignorance' (Jahiliyyah) due to widespread political, social, and religious disorder:

• Political: The peninsula lacked a unified government; land was fractured into competitive, warring tribes governed by blood-feud practices ('an eye for an eye').

• Social: Society was strictly patriarchal, slavery was rampant, women held no legal rights, and a massive wealth gap divided the population.

• Religious: Most tribes practiced polytheism and pagan idol worship, though minor Jewish, Christian, and monotheistic groups existed alongside them.

3. The Muslim community later split into two main sects, Shia and Sunni. Explain.

Following the demise of Prophet Muhammad, disputes regarding administrative and spiritual succession split the community:

• Shia Sect: Maintained that succession should strictly stay within the lineage of the Prophet’s direct family, considering Ali A.S. as the rightful first leader.

• Sunni Sect: Believed leadership should be elected from the wider qualified Muslim community, choosing his companion Abu Bakr as the first Caliph.

4. The Umayyad Caliphate marked the beginning of a powerful dynasty that ruled the Islamic world until c. 750 CE. Give reasons.

• Mu'awiya moved the capital to Damascus, centralizing authority and adopting structurally stable Byzantine administrative frameworks.

• Notable leaders like Abd-al-Malik standardized language, coinage, weights, and measurements across regions.

• Territorially, they aggressively scaled the empire to cover lands ranging from Spain and France all the way to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent (Sind).

5. Write a short note on the spread of Islam.

Islam began in Mecca and Medina, quickly unifying Arabian tribes under a single faith. Under the expansion of the first four Caliphs, it reached Syria, Persia, North Africa, and parts of the Mediterranean. The Umayyads extended these frontiers further west into Europe and east into Asia. Trade dynamics, strategic expansions, and the outreach of Sufi spiritual teachers played major roles in embedding Islam deeply into new global cultures, including the Indian subcontinent.

F. Study the picture and answer the following questions.

1. What does the picture show?

The picture shows the Dome of the Rock located in Jerusalem.

2. What is the significance of the monument given in the picture?

Built during the Umayyad Caliphate under Caliph Abd-al-Malik around 692 CE, it is celebrated for its distinctive golden dome and iconic Islamic architecture. It served to broadcast early Islamic art, religious values, and inscriptions globally, cementing the aesthetic legacy of the civilization.