ch 4 History class 7D

A. Choose the Correct Options

In which year did Mahmud of Ghazni first invade India?

d. 1001 CE

Who wrote Shah Namah?

a. Firdausi

Who was Muhammad Ghori’s opponent in the first Battle of Tarain?

c. Prithviraj Chauhan

What monument did Sultan Aibak start constructing in Delhi?

b. Qutb Minar

Who started the iqtadari system?

d. Iltutmish

B. Fill in the Blanks

Mahmud of Ghazni plundered the Somnath temple in Gujarat.
Razia Sultan was married to Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia, the governor of Bathinda.
The Caliph of Baghdad recognized Iltutmish as the ruler of India and honored him with the title of Sultan-i-Azam.
Sabuktigin, the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, invaded India in 1001 CE.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak built Quwwat-ul-Islam, the oldest mosque in Delhi.

C. Write True or False

The kingdoms of Ghazni and Ghori were established by the Abbasids.

False (They were established by the Turks.)

Razia Sultan was the first Muslim woman ruler of Delhi.

True

Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Multan in the battle with Anandpala.

False (He invaded Multan in the battle with Jaipala. Anandpala was defeated in the Battle of Waihind.)

Qutb-ud-din Aibak built Gandhak ki Baoli.

False (He built Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque and started the Qutb Minar. Gandhak ki Baoli was built earlier.)

Balban promoted the advisory council known as the Chalisa.

False (Iltutmish introduced the Chalisa. Balban dissolved it to centralize power.)

D. Answer the Following Questions in Brief

What was the political condition of India in the early medieval period?

India was politically fragmented into small kingdoms ruled by Rajputs (e.g., Tomars, Chauhans, Chandelas, Palas, Senas). The feudal system divided the army among feudal lords, leading to a weak centralized authority. This disunity made India vulnerable to foreign invasions.

Explain the Arab invasion of Sindh in brief.

The Arab invasion of Sindh occurred in 712 CE under the leadership of Muhammad-bin-Qasim, a general of the Umayyad dynasty. He captured Sindh and Multan, marking the first Muslim conquest in India. This led to increased cultural exchange between India and Arabia, and Arab merchants settled in the region.

Write a short note on the first and second Battle of Tarain.

First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE): Muhammad Ghori was defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan, the Rajput ruler of Ajmer. This was a temporary setback for Ghori.
Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE): Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, capturing Ajmer and Delhi. This victory marked the beginning of Muslim rule in North India and paved the way for the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.

Name the five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.
The five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate are:

Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (1206–1290)
Khalji Dynasty (1290–1320)
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)
Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)
Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

Why is Iltutmish known as the true founder of the Delhi Sultanate?

Iltutmish is called the true founder of the Delhi Sultanate because:

He consolidated the empire left by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
He introduced administrative reforms, such as the Chalisa (a council of 40 nobles) and the iqtadari system (land grants to soldiers).
He suppressed rebellions by Turkish nobles and Rajputs.
He protected India from Mongol invasions.
He completed the construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
He was recognized by the Caliph of Baghdad as the ruler of India, enhancing the Sultanate's legitimacy.

E. Answer the following questions in detail.

1. How did Qutb-ud-din Aibak strengthen his position in India?

o After ascending the throne in 1206 CE, Qutb-ud-din Aibak suppressed internal rebellions in Lahore.

o He cut off ties with Ghazni while setting up diplomatic relations with Multan.

o He secured the recognition of the ruler of Bengal as an overlord who promised to pay tributes.

o He forged matrimonial alliances to strengthen his position, including marrying his daughter to Iltutmish, a prominent slave general.

o He spread Islam and built mosques like Quwwat ul-Islam and Adhai din ka Jhopra, gaining popularity and charity recognition as lakh-baksh.

2. Write a short paragraph on the administrative policy of Iltutmish.

o Iltutmish consolidated his rule by shifting the capital from Lahore to Delhi and extending the empire up to Bengal.

o He introduced the iqtadari system, dividing the kingdom into fiefs called iqtas given to nobles in place of salaries to ensure law, order, and revenue collection.

o He formed the "Chalisa," a system of forty Turkish nobles to guard frontier provinces and advise him on administration.

o He also issued copper and silver coins, built public amenities, and protected the northwest frontier from Mongol threats.

3. Write a short note on Razia Sultan.

o Razia Sultan was the first Muslim woman to rule Delhi, reigning for four years as a just, wise, and strong ruler.

o Her reign faced heavy obstacles because nobles disliked taking orders from a woman and opposed her independent decisions and policies.

o She successfully led the army, went hunting on elephants, and married Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia, the governor of Bathinda.

o After attempting to crush the power of corrupt nobles, she was plotted against, deposed, and died in 1240 CE.

4. Describe the role of Balban in the strengthening of the Delhi Sultanate.

o Balban ruled with an iron hand and carried out extensive military and civil reforms to consolidate the empire.

o He dissolved the powerful Chalisa to centralize authority under the Sultan, promoting the belief that royal power is given by God.

o He introduced Persian traditions like sijdah and paibos, maintained strict royal dignity, appointed loyal officers, and set up an efficient spy system and legal structure against internal rebellions.

o He reorganized the army under a vigilant minister of war (Diwan-i-Ariz), suppressed rebellious groups, built forts with garrisons to safeguard borders against Mongol threats, and restored economic stability by restructuring the jagir and iqta systems.

5. What were the cultural achievements of the rulers of the Mamluk dynasty?

o Mamluk rulers promoted art, architecture, and literature, establishing Delhi as a major seat of power.

o They constructed iconic structures such as the Quwwat ul-Islam mosque, Adhai din ka Jhopra, and completed the construction of the Qutb Minar.

o They patronized literature and scholars; for instance, Sultan Balban patronized court poets and scholars like Amir Khusrao and introduced the Persian festival of Navroz.

F. Study the picture and answer the following questions.

1. Identify this monument? Who constructed it?

o Monument: Qutb Minar (along with the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque complex).

o Constructed by: Started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and later completed by Iltutmish.

2. Research and find out about some more structures found around this minaret.

o Note: Based on historical context related to the Qutb complex: Other notable structures found around the Qutb Minar include the Iron Pillar of Delhi, the Alai Darwaza, the Alai Minar, and the tomb of Iltutmish.